Porter Hypothesis holds that proper environmental regulations can urge enterprises to develop technological innovation, which lowers the production costs and offsets compliance costs [22]. The LCCP policy used administrative methods and tax incentives to stimulate enterprises to develop low-carbon technologies [23]. Additionally, the policy adopted various ways to subsidize related enterprises, such as low-carbon development funds, investment subsidies, loan interest discounts, direct rewards, and project management fee subsidies, to expand their R&D expenditures on low-carbon technology. Technological innovations lead to higher carbon productivity, which not only compensates for the compliance cost but also makes the enterprises generate fewer carbon emissions than those not investing in low-carbon technologies [24]. Additionally, Gong, Liu [25] found that the LCCP policy significantly promoted foreign direct investment. Technological innovation has spillover effects because foreign enterprises possessing advanced technologies spread greener production technologies to host countries to help them to improve their environmental protection levels. In summary, we believe that the LCCP policy can promote low-carbon technological innovation which is beneficial to low-carbon economic transition. Therefore, we propose the first hypothesis:
Command-mandatory tools used in the LCCP policy mainly include outdated production elimination, emission control standards for motor vehicles, low energy consumption for green buildings, vehicle emission standards. For example, Tianjin City, one of the eight first pilot cities, participated in the National Energy Conservation Plan, so the Tianjin government required 211 local enterprises to save 4.86 million tons of standard coal. Market-economic tools applied by the LCCP policy mainly consist of low-carbon subsidies, preferential interest loans for low-carbon programs, carbon emissions trading, tax incentives. For instance, in 2011 two provinces, namely Hubei Province and Guangdong Province and five municipalities, namely Beijing City, Shanghai City, Tianjin City, Chongqing City, and Shenzhen City conduct the Carbon Emission Trading Pilot Scheme (ETPS). Voluntary tools adopted in the LCCP policy mainly comprise low-carbon transportation programs, low-carbon industrial park programs, carbon monitoring. For example, Tianjin has established a green building certification system and standards. Additionally, Hangzhou City has adopted the low-carbon product certification system by using ISO 14064 and PAS 2050 and encouraged local enterprises to reduce carbon emissions per unit product.
Green Technologies and Environmental 210
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Based on these conclusions, we made several recommendations for improvement. (1) Because of the institutional defects the LCCP policy could not play the expected role. The policymakers need to formulate clearer low-carbon city development goals as well as an effective evaluation system and pay attention to specific programs to encourage low-carbon technological innovation. (2) The government might support enterprises to work with scientific research institutions and universities to innovate technologies. In the meantime, the NDRC and local governments could provide corresponding innovation subsidies for participating enterprises to stimulate them to develop low-carbon technological innovations. (3) Given different levels of development in cities, policy fairness should be emphasized by the NDRC When policymakers formulate low-carbon policies. (4) Market-economic tools can effectively improve the low-carbon economic transition in pilot areas, so market-economic tools, such as carbon emissions trading, are predominant choices for local governments to establish a green city.
ESRM 100 Introduction to Environmental Science (5) SSc/NScCovers the importance of the environment in society with particular emphasis on worldwide distribution and uses of resources, the role of natural and man-made environments, and causes of environmental degradation. Introduces ethics of conservation and recycling. Cannot be taken for credit if ESC 110 already taken. Offered: S.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 100
ESRM 101 Forests and Society (5) SSc/NScSurvey course covering forest ecosystems of the world, history of forestry and forest conservation, how forest ecosystems function, wildlife in forests, environmental issues in forestry, forest management, economics and products, and new approaches to forest management. Open to majors and nonmajors. Cannot be taken for credit if CFR 101 already taken. Offered: AWSp.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 101
ESRM 190 Special Topics (1-5, max. 10) NScIntroduces current topics or courses under development to address the latest issues in environmental science and resource management.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 190
ESRM 210 Introductory Soils (5) NScPhysical, chemical, and biological properties that affect distribution and use patterns of this important ecosystem component. Includes soil morphology and genesis, plant nutrition and nutrient cycling, soil water, microbiology, and application of soil properties to environmental concerns. One Saturday field trip. Offered: ASp.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 210
ESRM 235 Introduction to Environmental Economics (5) SSc/NScIntroduces environmental and natural resource economics. Discusses fundamental economic concepts, including markets and private property. Includes basic tools used in the economic assessment of environmental problems and applies these methods to key environmental issues. Offered: jointly with ECON 235/ENVIR 235; SpS.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 235
ESRM 300 Principles of Sustainability (2) NSc/SScOverview of principles of sustainability, including discussion of current literature, presentation, and discussion with practitioners, and methods for balancing social, economic, and ecological consequences of proposed policies and actions. Students develop a plan to further their studies in natural resources and environmental sustainability. Prerequisite: ESRM 200 or ESRM 201, either of which may be taken concurrently. Credit/no-credit only. Offered: W.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 300
ESRM 304 Environmental and Resource Assessment (5) NSc, RSNThe processes of measuring, monitoring, and assessment; illustrated in diverse environmental and resource case studies. Explores the scientific method, hypothesis testing, sampling, and experimental designs, the role of questionnaires and polling techniques, remote sensing techniques, and population measurements. Prerequisite: ESRM 200 or ESRM 201, either of which may be taken concurrently. Offered: ASpS.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 304
ESRM 311 Soils and Land Use (3) NScIntended for students concerned with environmental problems in the Puget Sound basin; also for those who intend to become professionally involved in land-planning decisions. Focus is on the significance of soils in understanding environmental problems and in promoting intelligent land-use decisions. Basic concepts of soil systems are presented, stressing those aspects important in making land-planning decisions. Offered: Sp.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 311
ESRM 320 Marketing and Management from a Sustainability Perspective (5) SSc/NScIntroduction to business concepts relating to marketing, human resource management, small businesses and entrepreneurship, and economics in the context of environmental resource management. Offered: S.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 320
ESRM 321 Finance and Accounting from a Sustainability Perspective (5) SSc/NScIntroduction to business concepts relating to finance, accounting, and international business in the context of environmental resource management. Offered: S.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 321
ESRM 371 Environmental Sociology (5) NSc/SScSocial processes by which environmental conditions are transformed into environmental problems; scientific claims, popularization of science, issue-framing, problem-amplification, economic opportunism, and institutional sponsorship. Examination of social constructs such as ecosystem, community, and free-market economy. Use of human ecology to assess whether the current framing of environmental problems promotes ecological adaptability. Offered: jointly with ENVIR 379/SOC 379; W.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 371
ESRM 399 Field or Teaching Internship (1-5, max. 15)Internship experience in undergraduate teaching or in the environmental field, supervised and approved by a faculty member. Preparation of professional report reflecting on the experience is required. Credit/no-credit only. Offered: AWSpS.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 399
ESRM 400 Natural Resource Conflict Management (3) NSc/SScIntroduction to the causes, dynamics, and consequences of natural resource conflicts as well as the range of procedural interventions used to manage conflict. Specific cases of environmental conflict and alternative dispute resolution procedures are examined. Emphasis on developing skills to effectively analyze, manage, and resolve natural resource conflicts. Offered: W.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 400
ESRM 412 Native Plant Production (3) NScAdvanced plant propagation techniques, emphasizing native plants, propagation for restoration projects, and unique problems associated with providing appropriate plant material for restoration or conservation purposes. Emphasizes greenhouse and fieldwork, and includes lectures, field trips, and a class project. Offered: Sp.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 412
ESRM 423 International Trade, Marketing, and the Environment (3) SSc/NScIntroduction to international trade, marketing, and environmental business. Concepts include plan writing, exporting and importing, carbon credits, green marketing, and how global exchange rates affect environmental assets such as forests. Offered: W.View course details in MyPlan: ESRM 423 2ff7e9595c
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